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(1) These procedures outline safe practices for University of Newcastle (2) All hazards associated with the activities of The University of Newcastle should be the subject of a (3) When coming into contact with animals or animal products (any product derived from animals including, but not limited to, blood, serum, milk, tissue, and urine but not including products derived from humans), a (4) All work involving animals must be referred to the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) by completing an application for safety review and approval. (5) There are a number of potential hazards specific to working with animals, including: (6) In addition, the work may introduce additional hazards such as manual handling tasks, hazardous substances, the use of sharps, use of genetically modified organisms, exposure to radiation, and so on. These areas are covered under separate procedures documents. (7) Over 200 diseases have been classified as zoonoses throughout the world. A variety of pathogens and reservoir animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, birds, dogs, cats and other domestic, native or exotic species) are involved. Persons having contact with animals must familiarize themselves with the potential zoonotic diseases that the species they are dealing with may harbour. (8) Some zoonotic diseases are fatal eg Hendra Virus, and Australian Bat Lyssavirus and some are life threatening, particularly in immuno-compromised individuals (e.g. people undergoing treatment with corticosteroids or chemotherapy, or who are HIV positive). Pregnant women can be particularly at (9) The following tables summarise some of the potential zoonotic diseases. Note that research animals may be imported from other countries and may be quarantined within research animal facilities- and persons contacting such animals may be exposed to zoonoses not otherwise present in Australia. (10) Persons who come into contact with laboratory animal proteins (usually contained in saliva, urine or shed skin) may develop Laboratory Animal Allergy (LAA). Allergic reactions are more likely after substantial or repeated exposure to the allergen- either to the animal itself or to items contaminated with the excretions and secretions of animals including urine, saliva, dander, fur/hair and serum. LAA may lead to serious allergic reactions, including occupational asthma, if exposure to the allergens continues. Up to 30% of people exposed to laboratory animals may be affected by LAA to some degree if appropriate (11) Most studies indicate that individuals with allergies to substances outside the laboratory have an increased (12) Persons in contact with latex may develop a latex allergy. Latex allergies are becoming more prevalent and initial symptoms include skin irritation and rash (13) Handling live animals, both in the laboratory and in the field, obviously has an influence on their behaviour. Responses to stressful or threatening situations can lead to the handler being bitten, scratched, kicked, butted, trampled or stung. (14) Any animal bite or scratch that breaks the skin can quickly become infected if not cleansed immediately. The microbial flora of the mouth of animals contains a mixed population of potential pathogens. (15) Some research protocols call for the deliberate infection of animals with human pathogens. Such infected animals may be a source of infection for persons coming into contact with them. A person may be exposed to pathogens carried by animals through: (16) The likelihood of a disease developing following this exposure depends on: (17) The (18) Any (19) The most important (20) Persons with pre existing allergies may be more at (21) Smokers may be more at Familiarity of the animal to the handler should reduce (22) Deliberately infected animals must be housed within containment facilities to minimise the (23) Containment facilities are regulated by: (24) There are four levels of physical containment required by the Standards Australia for animal facilities and laboratories wishing to hold and use deliberately infected animals. The intention is to house these animals in a secure facility to prevent the transmission of infection from deliberately infected animals to people and other animals. (25) The containment levels are designated as PC1 (the lowest level of containment), PC2, PC3, and PC4 (the highest level of containment). The University currently only has facilities of a PC1 or PC2 rating and therefore no (26) Transmission of infectious agents from animals to persons in contact with them can largely be prevented by: (27) The facilities and procedures adopted for handling animals must be consistent with the highest (28) It is recognised that there may be situations, eg. field work with wild bats, where this may not be possible. In such cases appropriate measures must be put in place, such as: (29) Health status can significantly affect (30) It is essential that all persons who work with or come in contact with animals are properly trained and supervised according to their level of competence. (31) All persons handling animals or animal products are required to attend the training session on animal handling conducted by the University Veterinarian and Animal Welfare Officer, and follow this with specific training with their (32) Persons working with animals or animal products shall receive individual training by their (33) For BioResearch Facilities (BRF) (34) All employees handling animals or animal products must wear the correct personal protective equipment based on the (35) The minimum requirements for PPE in a laboratory shall be laboratory coat/gown, protective eyewear and closed shoes unless lesser requirements can be justified by a (36) All protective clothing must be removed after exposure to animal activities and laundered or disposed of in a manner appropriate to the type of contamination and clothing. (37) Appropriate equipment must be used to handle and restrain animals e.g.: (38) Animals must be transported so as to minimise the (39) For certain pathogens, immunization is an appropriate way of controlling the Advice on the availability of immunisations, and the vaccinations themselves, will be provided by the University Health Service. Records of vaccinations should be held with the University Health Service, and by the vaccinated (40) Specific information about and prevention and control methods for some zoonoses are listed below. Additional information can be obtained from Medical or Veterinary (41) Due to the peculiar nature of zoonotic diseases and their modes of transmission, diagnosis may often be difficult. People who work with animals or animal products must alert medical (43) Rodents, dogs, farm and wild animals. (44) Swine, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats (46) Farm animals, dogs, birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibia (47) Birds - particularly parrots and pigeons but many other bird species may be carriers. (49) Dog, cat, guinea pig, rodents, farm animals (50) Fruit bats (megochiroptera) and insectivorous bats (microchiroptera) both carry strains of bat lyssavirus that can infect humans. (52) Any animal bite or scratch that breaks the skin can quickly become infected if not cleansed immediately. The microbial flora of the mouth of animals contains a mixed population of potential pathogens. The basic principles of flushing, cleaning and disinfection apply. (53) In general, where administrative (that is, procedural) controls, or personal protective equipment are used to control significant (54) Individuals who suffer any symptoms or injuries related to their work or who have concerns about the effect of their work on their health shall complete a University of Newcastle Injury/Incident/Hazard report and seek medical advice, preferably from the University Health Service. The UoN Health Service and the (55) Unreported illness and injuries may result in worsening of the condition. Early reporting of symptoms and injuries is necessary to maximise the chance of a satisfactory outcome. (56) If health monitoring confirms a diagnosis of LAA the (57) For (58) PVC's and Heads of Divisions are responsible for monitoring the implementation of these procedures and for ensuring that appropriate resources are provided in order to achieve this in their delegated areas of control. They shall ensure that Heads of Schools and Units and Chief Investigators oversee, and are held accountable for, the development of safe systems of animal-based work. (59) Heads of Schools and Units and Chief Investigators must ensure that effective supervision is provided when working with animals and ensure that safe systems of work are provided, maintained, and communicated in their respective work areas. (60) (61) Minimising (62) Health surveillance documentation should be retained by the University Health Service, Animal Hazards Procedure
Section 1 - Context
Section 2 - Procedure
Risk Assessment Safety Review
Hazard Identification
Zoonoses
Bacterial Diseases
Human Disease
Agent
Animal Hosts
Means of Spread
Anthrax
B. anthracis
Farm animals
Inhalation/ Ingestion of spores, contact with non intact skin
Brucellosis
Brucella spp
Swine, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats
Contact
Colibacillosis
E. coli
most species
Ingestion
Leptospirosis
Leptospira spp.
Rodents, dogs, farm/ wild animals
Contact with urine
Mycobacteriosis
Mycobacterium spp.
Fish, reptiles, amphibians
Puncture wounds/scratches, inhalation
Pasteurellosis
P. multocida
mammals and birds
contact/ ingestion
Pseudotuberculosis
P. pseudotuberculosis
Rodents, birds
Contact/ ingestion
Psittacosis
Chlamydia psittaci
parrots, pigeons
Inhalation
Rat bite fever
S. moniliformis
Rodents
Rodent bites/ ingestion
Salmonellosis
Salmonella spp.
Farm animals, rodents, reptiles amphibia
Ingestion/ inhalation/ contact
Tetanus
Cl. Tetani
Horses, other equidae
Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis
M. bovis/ avum/ tuberculosis
Primates, cattle, dogs, poultry, swine, sheep
contact, ingestion , inhalation, needle stick
Vibriosis (Campylobacter)
Vibrio spp.
Domestic ruminants, dogs, rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles
Uncertain, probable ingestion
Listeriosis
L. Monocytogenes
Ruminants, small marsupials, most animals and birds
Ingestion in food.
Wound infections
Aeromonas spp.
Fish, amphibians, reptiles
Contamination of existing wounds
Rickettsial Diseases
Human Disease
Agent
Animal Hosts
Means of Spread
Tick Typhus
R. australis
Mammals with ticks
Tick bites
Murine typhus
R. mosseri (R. typhi)
Rats/ mice
rat flea bites
Q fever
Coxiella burnetti
Cattle/ sheep
Inhalation
Scrub typhus
R. orientalis
Small forest mammals
Mite bites.
Viral Diseases
Human Disease
Agent
Animal Hosts
Means of Spread
Hendra Virus
Henipavirus
Horses (via bats)
Contact with body fluids
Australian Bat Lyssavirus
Lyssavirus
Bats
Bites and scratches contaminated with bat saliva
Menagle Virus
Paramyxoviris
Pigs (via bats)
Contact? Bites and scratches?
Equine Encephalomyelitis
EEE/ WEE/ VEE arbovirus
Birds/ horses
Mosquito bites
Haemorrhagic fevers
Asian arboviruses
Rodents/ hares/ monkeys
tick bites
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
LCM Virus
rodents and other mammals
contact/ inhalation/ tissue culture
Herpes B Encephalitis
Herpes simiae
Rhesus/ other Macaca
contact/ bites
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis virus
Chimpanzees
Contact
Rabies
Rabies virus
dogs/ bats etc
bites, saliva contact
Murray Valley Encephalitis
Arbovirus
Birds, native and domestic animals
Mosquito bites
Epidemic polyarthritis (Ross River virus, Barmah Forest Virus)
Arbovirus
Mammals
Mosquito bites
Fungal and Protozoan Diseases
Human Disease
Agent
Animal Hosts
Means of Spread
Ringworm
Trichophyton spp./ microsporum spp.
Dog, cat, guinea pig, rodents, farm animals
contact
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Primary Host cats, secondary hosts most mammals and birds
Ingestion (cat faeces and raw meat)
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium spp
All animals
Ingestion (shed in faeces)
Parasites
Human Disease
Agent
Animal Hosts
Means of Spread
Trichostrigyliasis
Trichostrigyliasis spp
Sheep, cattle, goats pigs,horses, cats, pigeons
Ingestion vegetation contaminated by larvae from faeces
Toxocariasis
Toxocara canis
Dog
Ingestion of infectious ova from faeces
Hydatid disease
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog/ dingo
Ingestion of ova passed in faeces
Heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis
Dog
Mosquito bites
Allergies
Bites, Scratches and Kicks
Animals Inoculated with Human Pathogens
Risk Assessment
Zoonoses
Allergies
Bites, Scratches and Kicks
Animals Inoculated with Human Pathogens
Risk Control
Personal Hygiene
Microbiology Practices
Health Status
Training
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment
Transport of Animals
Vaccinations
Information for Specific Pathogens
Q fever
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Hydatid Disease
Campylobacter and Salmonella Infections
Psittacosis
Arbovirus Infections
Ringworm
Australian Bat Lyssavirus
Hendra Virus
First Aid and Emergency Response
Risk Evaluation
Health Surveillance
Response
Responsibilities
Documentation